Justice in the Modern World
Read and practice vocabulary with this graded reading passage
Reading
The concept of justice has evolved significantly over centuries. In ancient times, punishment was often swift and cruel. Today, most democratic societies have complex legal systems designed to be fair.
A court case typically involves several key people: a judge who controls the trial, a jury of ordinary citizens who decide if someone is guilty or innocent, lawyers who represent each side, and witnesses who provide evidence.
One fundamental principle of modern justice is that everyone is innocent until proven guilty. This means the prosecution must show beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. If there is not enough evidence, the person must be found not guilty.
However, the justice system is not perfect. Studies have shown that wealth, race, and social status can influence outcomes. People who can afford expensive lawyers often receive lighter sentences than those who cannot.
Reform movements are working to make justice more equal. Some advocate for alternative approaches like restorative justice, which focuses on repairing harm rather than simply punishing the offender.
“True justice is not about revenge,” says Professor Chen, a criminal law expert. “It’s about creating a society where everyone is treated fairly and has the opportunity to reform.”
Key Vocabulary
| Word | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| justice | n. | fairness in the way people are treated |
| evidence | n. | facts that prove something |
| guilty | adj. | having done something wrong |
| reform | n. | change to make something better |
| principle | n. | basic truth or belief |
Comprehension Questions
- What principle says everyone is innocent until proven guilty?
- Who decides if someone is guilty in a trial?
- How can wealth affect justice?
- What is restorative justice?